Assessing block-level sustainable transport infrastructure development using a spatial trade-off relation model

Increasing quantity and quality of roads are pathways to sustainable road infrastructure development. Understanding quantity-quality relations sustainability is critically required for strategic decision making. However, few knowledge available about assessing from a perspective spatial disparities. Here, we developed Spatial Trade-Off Relation (STOR) model trade-off at 42,425 blocks in Western Australia (WA). First, index (SRII), including phases, was regarding stakeholder requirements using multiple methods examine block-level sustainability. Next, investigated diminishing marginal utility approach. Further, disparities trade-offs were assessed through the clustering based identification hotspots cold spots trade-offs. Finally, contributions interaction economic development estimated with consideration non-linear geographically local characteristics associations generalized additive weighted regression. We found three stages sustainability, increasing, marginal, negative returns. The increasing return revealed simultaneous growth outer remote regions, returns primarily located major cities. In addition, regional identified blocks, towns villages, where spatially clustered, informing priorities future decisions. also that contribution times resident income. This study demonstrated efforts achieve global goals.